Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Religious Beliefs :: Religion History Essays Papers

Strict Beliefs The present strict convictions, legislative structures, laws and conventions of social conduct discover their foundations in the improvement of three principle conviction frameworks - Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Albeit different strict developments have created consistently, these three conviction frameworks have had the most effect on human advancements of the West. To more readily comprehend this effect, it is critical to follow the improvement of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and survey the connections between them. While every conviction framework is one of a kind, there are numerous similitudes because of their normal beginnings. The ways of thinking and conventions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam most conspicuously start with the originator of the Hebrews known as Abraham ca 1800 BCE Historically, these lessons were additionally bought in by migrant clans, which settled in present day Palestine, close to Mt. Sinai. The individuals of these clans didn't name themselves as Hebrews, and alluded to God as the lord of Abraham. This happened as God guaranteed Abraham a child, and throughout the occasions questioning that is old spouse could give him a child, he had Ishmael with his servant, Hagar, and afterward God's prescience would be satisfied with the introduction of Isaac, by his significant other Sarha. Because of their conviction framework, the clan multiplied that Isaac and his relatives were picked by God to convey forward Abraham's sacred genealogy. Isaac was the progenitor of what was to turn into the 12 clans of Israel, while Ishmael and his descendents were to establish an alternate Semitic clan and follow Arabic customs. The term Judaism came to fruition after the foundation of the province of Israel when the clans separated into two, the northern and Judas realms, ca 922-587 BCE The traditions and conviction frameworks of these traveling clans to be later recognized as Arab clans were fundamentally the same as the Hebrews'; in any case, the Arab clans created in some unobtrusive manners. They stayed itinerant, while the Hebrews would in general follow the lessons of the Holy Scriptures to the accomplishment of The Promised Land. Concerning the Arab migrant clans as a result of this turn of events, a concentrated administering specialist who sorted out the religion didn't create as it did with the Hebrews. In roughly ca 1290-1250 BCE, Moses further enhanced the two conventions with a pledge among God and his adherents. Moses wedded Zipphora, from an alternate Semitic clan, (Ishmael relatives?) as they alluded to God as the God of Abrahim; this would show the solid comparability of convictions and customs between the Hebrew and Arab clans around then.

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Course of Conduct Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Course of Conduct - Essay Example a who demonstrations willfully does as such at his own risk and is obligated for the outcomes of the activities intentionally attempted, regardless of whether proposed or because of inability to comply with the obligation of care he owes to different gatherings. Utilizing the instances of Lynch v. Fisher and Palsgraf v. Long Island Rail Road, the paper likewise examines which of the two speculations is additionally convincing. As opposed to the view progressed by the criminalist hypothesis by Austin, the psychological expectation of hazard should never be required as a component for the ascription of the tort risk. This is on the grounds that such a legitimate measurement would allow the fuse of a few unjustified suspicions. These suppositions would usually prompt significant level premature delivery of equity. â€Å"It may be expected that trespass is established on the respondent having made harm by his demonstration without respect negligence† (Lynch v. Fisher 2). Also, it is exceptionally hard for the jury to decide with sureness, the psychological expectations of the demonstration, which was done at some point before and harms acquired by another gathering. Oliver Wendell Holmes focuses that each man expect the danger of his demonstrations, be it the results are proposed, or not, since the demonstrations are intentional, as exhibited on account of Lynch v. Fisher. In requesting, the repetition of the Law of tort’s area 435, the Louisiana re-appraising court maintained a previous decision where the litigant, Gunter was accused of and sentenced for carelessness that brought about physical injury of the offended party. This was done on three significant grounds; the case that the litigant was insane at the time he shot the offended party and that he was crazy and experiencing transitory unsettling of keenness, was dismissed in light of the fact that in view of the defendant’s own carelessness, he incidentally lost his capacity to reason. Also, all the salvage endeavors had been made and that the activities by the offended party were not long before the shooting, given that he was offering solace to the

Saturday, August 15, 2020

What is Weight Stigma

What is Weight Stigma Eating Disorders Awareness and Prevention Print What is Weight Stigma? By Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS facebook twitter linkedin Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, is a certified eating disorders expert and clinical psychologist who provides cognitive behavioral psychotherapy. Learn about our editorial policy Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 05, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on April 01, 2018 Christopher Futcher/Getty Images More in Eating Disorders Awareness and Prevention Symptoms Treatment Diagnosis Weight stigma  or  bias  generally refers to negative attitudes toward a person because they are overweight or obese. The assumption that larger individuals are lazy or lacking in willpower is pervasive in our society, and weight bias is observed in children as young as 3â€"that’s right,  3 years old. Larger individuals face discrimination in a plethora of domains. Stigma towards individuals of size harms people of all sizes. Weight stigma is a common form of discrimination in our society. Notice how it is rarely challenged?  The word “fat” has morphed from a simple description into a foul word. And research shows that weight discrimination is increasing. The war on obesity, which sometimes seems intended to scare and shame people into dieting, is partly to blame. The diet industry, which falsely suggests that one can choose one’s weight on the scale, also contributes. In fact, diets rarely work in the long-term. Weight is largely determined by genetic and additional factors that are outside of an individual’s control. Other factors contributing to weight stigma include our culture’s focus on the thin ideal and media portrayals of overweight individuals as objects of ridicule. In print media, larger weight individuals are often depicted eating junk food and with heads cut off, which reinforces the stereotype and dehumanizes them. Examples of Weight Stigma Research shows that larger individuals face discrimination in the workplace, barriers in education, and negative attitudes from healthcare professionals.  Below are some examples of weight stigma: Geoffrey Miller, a tenured psychology professor at the University of New Mexico and a visiting professor at New York University, sent out a fat-shaming tweet: Dear obese Ph.D. applicants: if you didn’t have the willpower to stop eating carbs, you won’t have the willpower to do a dissertation #truth.Project Harpoon appeared on Facebook with photos of larger bodied models and celebrities contrasted with photo-shopped images of them to show how they would appear slimmer.Young children commonly encounter weight-related teasing and bullying.  For example, one young child reported being called “fatty-pants” and “big, fat, elephant girl” in preschool.  Increasingly smaller airline seats do not accommodate larger passengers and airlines may require larger passengers to purchase an additional seat.  Television shows popular amongst children contain up to 14 instances of fat shaming per episode.  Usually, no one stands up to the shamer, and the teasing is often followed by laughter .Larger-bodied patients who go to see a medical doctor are commonly told that all of their symptoms are a result of being overweight; so their complaints are not fully investigated.   Shaming is not effective at getting individuals to lose weight.  In fact, it is dangerous. Research shows that weight stigma contributes to binge eating and weight gain, both of which can be harmful physically and emotionally. Weight stigma is also a contributor to shame and fuel for eating disorders.   Individuals who live in larger bodies regularly experience weight stigma.  Activities as basic as exercising, eating a meal, and shopping may all evoke teasing and/or the feeling that one’s body is not acceptable and thereby increasing feelings of shame and anxiety. Individuals in smaller bodies are affected by weight stigma, too.  Fear of being fat can drive some of the behaviors that cause eating disorders and make recovery more difficult.   To learn more about weight stigma and to help fight against it, follow along on Weight Stigma Awareness Week, run by the Binge Eating Disorder Association (BEDA).  The week will include webinars, tweet chats, and thought-provoking articles.   The UConn Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity is a multi-disciplinary policy research center  and a leader in research and policy on weight stigma.  They have numerous resources, including Guidelines for Media Portrayals of Individuals Affected by Obesity and Toolkits for Healthcare Providers for Preventing Weight Bias.

Sunday, May 24, 2020

Social Contract The Blend Of Government And Freedom

Rousseau Social Contract; the Blend of Government and Freedom Elise Rozenberg Survey of Modern History I July 13, 2015 â€Å"Daring ideas are like chessmen moved forward; they may be beaten, but they may start a winning game.†[ ] These words can be applied to the progression of history. Throughout history, there have been many radical thinkers whose ideas, though initially criticized, have become the catalyst of great change. Though, the radical thinkers were met with the criticism and disdain of the people, eventually, their ideas slowly impacted society. The Enlightenment was one of the greatest time periods in history where many ideas and philosophies greatly influenced history as we know it. The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that questioned the aspects of the absolutist regime of monarchs such as King Louis 14 of France, and strongly challenged the religious beliefs. In years prior to the Enlightenment, the people sought out answers from positions of authority, such as the church or monarchy. The Enlightenment emphasized an alternative, the use of reason to seek answers. With the emphasis on reason came many social and political philosophies that challenged the preconceived notion of divine right of the monarchy. Many enlightened thinkers, or philosophes, wrote about the natural rights of people and the role of government in society.[ ] From the Renaissance Era through the Scientific Revolution, the Church had slowly lost their influence onShow MoreRelatedSocial Contract Theory And The Transition From State Of Nature1599 Words   |  7 PagesI’m going to discuss the Social Contract theory, and how the transition from State of Nature to government was considered a contract. Was there ever a timeframe when men lived outside of social orders and how was it? , How did men get away from that period and go into another time of social orders? Was it through power or shared understanding? Once a type of government is picked or selected, who runs it and is the privileges of the individual safeguarded? Social contract hypothesis, almost as oldRead MoreThe Need For More Justice By John Locke1608 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Locke’s Second Treatise of Government investigates the structure in which power operates and certain notions that come together to bind individuals and establish the social contract tradition. However, the way in which individuals decide on a form of government and its goals, is heavily reliant on specific conceptions of the human person. Annette Baier, a known â€Å"care ethics† political philosopher, fundamentally aligns herself with notions of care ethics and consent in her piece â€Å"The Need forRead MoreImpact of Rousseau and Smith on The Declaration of the Rights of Man2008 Words   |  9 Pagesman – freedom and equality – comprises the basis of the document. His concepts of the general will to decide law and the intrinsic sovereignty of the people, as well as Smiths stress that government need not play a large role in order for the nation to thrive, also lie at the essence of the Declaration. The emphasis of Smiths The Wealth of Nations on progress and productivity also played a large role in shaping the document. Although Rousseau does seem to advocate community-wide freedom and equalityRead MoreDefining Politics and Democracy Essay1572 W ords   |  7 Pagesthose constrained by limited resources, contain dominance hierarchy and therefore politics. Politics is most often studied in relation to the administration of governments. Politics is the process and method of gaining or maintaining support for public or common action. Although it is generally applied to governments, politics is also observed in all human group interactions including corporate, academic, and religious. Political science is the study of political behaviorRead MoreRousseau And Hobbes Views On The State Of Nature2565 Words   |  11 Pagesprovides a great contrast to Hobbes. Rousseau puts a great deal of emphasis on the evils of political and social institutions. In his writing, On the Social Contract, he discusses the idea that humans were forfeiting their natural freedom to live in civilized societies that provided them with protections regarding their natural rights. Despite the logic behind humans surrendering their natural freedoms in order to protect their natural rights, Rousseau argues that there is a major flaw. This thought processRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke2190 Words   |  9 Pagesget each other. He has trust in the human nature and believes men will act with integrity and honesty in their everyday lives. Thomas Hobbes was born in 1588 and died in 1679. His most famous work was the Leviathan and it discussed how he saw a social construct, or the state of nature, to be produced and enforced. The main focuses of his piece heavily enforce his view on political philosophy, meaning how a society should be run, the state of nature and how natural laws are formed from the stateRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Leviathan 1750 Words   |  7 Pagesof Job as well as examples of political vermouth of Thomas Hobbes. Its story expresses a sense of pervasive political corruption; it has been read as a daring critique of conditions in Vladimir Putin’s Russia. With this critique of the Russian Government as well as the Russian Orthodox Church as well as religion in general we see the stepping stones for an exceptionally dramatic and controversial movie. The Book of Job is summarized as timeless human suffering which we see throughout the entireRead MoreDe Soto, A Revolutionary Mind Empowering A Force Of Management1450 Words   |  6 Pagescapitalist system. It’s important to let them in.† (De Soto 1) Where this theory of â€Å"letting them in† derives from causes much hesitation amongst those â€Å"keeping them out.† When viewed telescopically there is a break up of ethnic, financial, religious and social differences. With the diversified property right factor missing, these nations will not understand the concept of interaction amongst differences but if—instilled—the common thought of standard law becomes pertinent. With groups of â€Å"same† people formingRead More Liberalism, Civic Reformism and Democracy Essay2784 Words   |  12 Pagespolitical program: it is an emancipatory political project by virtue of its struggle for an egalitarian and universalist extension of citizenship rights. This is but a formulation of the modern idea of citizenship, conceived of as a universalizable contract of rights. At the same time, liberalism embraces a socioeconomic emancipatory project that endeavors to provide the conditions, within the institutional framework of modern societies, for the accomplishment of citizenship rights. The origins ofRead MoreIllegal Immigration Is The Movement Of Individuals From A Country Essay1762 Words   |  8 Pagesimmigration may take a legal form at first, then immigration may take a legal form at first, then it turns into illegal. This happens when someone’s visa expires and he keeps living in the host country. In countries or states where a high economic and social level exist, and where immigrants seek for going there, the negative effects of illegal migration can be felt since there will exist larger contact area between natives and illegal aliens. Violations that is perpetrated from unlawful migrants when

Wednesday, May 13, 2020

White Privilege Is A Myth - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 737 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/07/30 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: White Privilege Essay Did you like this example? As of December of 2018, society has seen an outburst of discrimination claims among the various minority groups. Lets leave aside for a moment the fact that we just had eight years where the most powerful man in the world was a black man and that during the first two years of presidency, the Democratic party had total control of the House of Representatives and the Senate. Also the last two people who ran the justice department, Mrs. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "White Privilege Is A Myth" essay for you Create order Loretta Lynch and Mr, Eric Holder, were black. In addition, some of the most successful popular media figures are black as well, such as Oprah Winfrey, Kanye West, and Drake Graham. Through the clear picture of equality among races that is reality, a lot of Americans still claim that one race is more privileged than the other. Claims have been made that white kids have it easier when getting accepted into colleges; but, is this true though? We must look at the facts in order to dictate the truth behind this assumption. Just like there are housing grants for minorities, there are also grants for minorities to attend college. While there is a vast majority of grants for minorities, any type of grants considered specifically for whites would be slandered as racist without a second glance. According to the LA Times, affirmative action centered around college admission programs allow for multiple minority groups with lower SAT scores to get accepted into colleges or universities. Up to 230 points were awarded to prospective black students and 185 points for latinos while at the same time asians who typically score better on tests were deducted 50 points. This pushes asian students to score 280 points highers than a black person and 235 points more than latinos or else the black and latino students will take his /her spot. At the University of Texas, the supreme court ruled that the universities practice of admitting minority students and rejecting white students was fine as long as it was conducted in the name of diversity. If this situation was reversed then protests and riots would occur around the country. In other words, a highly qualified student could be rejected just based solely on their skin color. The term white-privilege is just a scapegoat for the blatant racism in our universities and colleges. Arguments have been made in the media is that in todays era is the false assumption that whites have an easier time with police and suffer at their hands less. As shown by the data gathered by The Washington Post, fifty percent of those killed in fatal shooting by the police were white with only 26 percent being black. With only a few of the black shootings involving unarmed victims, almost twice as many unarmed white men were shot by police than unarmed black man. With the discussion of police unfairness is accompanied by the discussion of sentencing disparity. A Justice Department survey of felony cases found that blacks have a higher chance of not being prosecuted for a crime and a smaller chance of being found guilty during trial. With this being said, blacks are still sent to jail more than whites. However, statistics show that despite being only a fraction of the population, blacks are still committing higher rates of crime than any other race. While is true that most of these crimes are non-violent drug crimes still carry a mandatory minimum of five-year sentences; however, if anyone is to blame for this, it should be the Governments harsh drug law punishments, not white people. At a younger age the world was never seen through a prism of color. Some of my first friends in school were black. I never could distinguish a difference between me and my friends regardless of their skin color. This is still the case today. Over years of growing up, I have looked up to multiple black icons and I still do to this day. Skin color never meant anything until the social justice warriors and activists groups such as Antifa rallied to bring up nonexistent issues. Growing older only opened my eyes more to this problem. Many left leaning politicians have created and pushed a race war among modern day society. This has only separated America more and more based on the color of out skin. For what reason? This white-privilege sham is only a way to get black voters to vote for candidates who could care less about their well-being.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

There’s nothing wrong in buying terms papers Free Essays

On-line paper assistance services are a fast growing kind of business. When we browse the internet, a large number of sites are available in giving paper assistance services. This kind of business saturated the internet. We will write a custom essay sample on There’s nothing wrong in buying terms papers or any similar topic only for you Order Now These sites earn a great amount of money everyday and they continue to grow and reproduce in number. This has been one of the most serious issues that schools all over world are dealing. They deem that this kind of business is unethical and immoral. The academic world views this kind of business as a business that teaches the students to be dishonest and lazy in their academic performance instead of teaching them to be responsible and hard working for the attainment of their academic advancement. Indeed, most people view this business as an academic disease. This is a disease that slowly eats the integrity of the academic world and slowly erodes its ethical status, a disease that is very hard to battle. Most students nowadays are fond of ordering papers from the said businesses above. Students just visit sites and after a moment, their term papers are ready for submission. Instead of making their own paper, they would rather opt to order and buy a paper made by these sites in the internet because of the promise of getting a high standard that will result to goods for the students. Students don’t work hard and sweat anymore for their papers. Given the situation in today’s academic world, a question arises. Is it ethical to buy terms papers? This paper is a position paper regarding the posed question. The position of the writer is â€Å"There’s nothing wrong in buying term papers’. This paper will provide arguments regarding the claim and hopefully make the academic world view term papers’ buying as not a wrong act but rather an act of helping students achieve their dreams of a better and fulfilling life in the future. REASONS FOR THE CLAIM There’s nothing wrong in buying term papers in paper assistance businesses. This claim comes from the reason that this kind of business helps a lot of people achieve their dreams of a better life. This macro-level reason for the position will be backed up by three sub- reasons. First, students can save time in buying term papers and the saved time can be used in working in order to earn. Second, an academically poor student does not necessarily mean a poor employee in the future. Third, the assistance students get from paper assistance sites will most probably give them high grades which are vital in their employment application in the future. It is of a great fact that many students are not full-time students. Many students are also working to help support their own education. A lot of families are in financial crisis all over the world. Students’ as also workers give great relief to their families in terms of being able to find means to support their studies. In ordering term papers, students can save time and effort in making it themselves. After ordering, the student will just wait for the order to arrive. The trade in of costs of payment to sites where they order and the cost of students’ potential income as working is beneficial to the students. This statement will be further discussed below. Let us try to examine a baby- sitting job. A baby sitter earns $7 an hour. A student will spend time writing a 5- page paper for 10 hours including research of the topic. Ten hours is already a significant amount of time. A paper assistance business will probably charge their clients at an average of $8 per page. A 5-page paper will then cost $40. The income of an 8 hour work by a baby sitter is $ 56. In this situation, the benefit that a working student will get from ordering a term paper is $16 in quantity. $16 then is of big help in support for his daily needs. In the situation above, not only the student benefits from the income he gets but also it lightens the load of his parents in supporting his studies. This is a manifestation of a good son or daughter to his parents. The opportunity from saving time gives a student the means to continue his education and achieve his goal of graduating. The student will benefit financially from ordering a term paper and the financial benefit will be vital for his education and his life in general. An academically poor student does not necessarily mean a poor employee in the future. Many employees achieved the top in a certain company or organization without a very good college grades record to show. They just achieved their success by working hard and never ceasing the determination to succeed. Achieving success in working careers does not reside in having high grades in college but in the determination of the person to be on top of the company or organization, to be successful. Determination is the biggest element of success. To say that a student who is poor in academic performance will become poor in his performance as an employee is a fallacy. Many teachers are caught up with looking at the academic performance of their students instead of looking at the attitude of perseverance and determination. Ordering a term paper will help poor academic performers have good grades. Having good grades will make them graduate and will give them an opportunity to be employed. Being an employee does not mean writing term papers again. Let’s try to look at one example. A teacher in philosophy advised his students to make a term paper regarding Plato’s definition of love. In an employee’s life, there can be no way that he can ever put Plato’s love in the context of the organization he is working and to the nature of his job. What is needed for an employee is not how wide is his understanding on Plato’s philosophy but on his performance in the nature of his job or career. Only if a student will become a teacher himself that he needs that kind of knowledge to be applied. Most people are caught up with grades as the basis for judging the capacity of a person. Ordering terms papers which has the high possibility of having good grades will then be a way of a student to have good grades. Having good grades will produce a big possibility of good employment. A good employment status is what most or perhaps all people aim in life. Therefore, ordering term papers can help the students to get high grades and have a good employment in the future. There is nothing wrong ordering term papers. In the discussion above, ordering term papers only becomes an avenue for a lot of good opportunities and benefits. The act of ordering is a great means in achieving the dream of most people to graduate in college. The end in this situation is of good side. These businesses are means in making people achieve their dreams. This act is so vital in people’s lives that it must not be condemned and looked upon as unethical and immoral, rather, this kind of act must be looked upon as essential to many people’s lives. In helping people achieve their dreams, another good thing will be given birth. The family of the students will benefit from the success of their sons and daughters. Finding a good job for the students would mean earning a significant amount of money. Earning a significant amount of money would then give an employee a capacity of not only supporting himself but also in giving help to his parents. This is the aspect of life that people must look upon, the aspect of life that entails responsibility of a son to his parents, an aspect of life that is essential. Another good situation that will arise by benefiting from ordered term papers is the situation of giving the next generations a good life. Every student that became an employee will have his own family in the future. In having his own family in the future, he will surely raise children. These children need a good life for them to grow in a good environment. The ability of the children’s parents to give them a good life comes from good employment. Good employment comes from good grades in college and good grades in college come from ordered term papers. The discussed reasons above are the one’s giving grounds to the claim that there’s nothing wrong in ordering term papers. The basis for my arguments is J. S. Mills’ â€Å"Utilitarianism†. His philosophy states that â€Å"the end justifies the means†. It is very true that ordered term papers will give birth to a lot of good effects. As long as the end benefits a lot of people and as long as it gives happiness to a greater number of people, the means are ethical. CONCLUSION Therefore, ordering term papers are only means to a desired end that will benefit a greater number of people, thus, making it a right thing to do. This is due to the fact that ordered term papers will give students a chance to get good grades. Having good grades will then produce a good employment opportunity for them. Being employed in a good earning job, they will be able to help their parents and give their future children a better environment to grow. BIBLIOGRAPHY Ferrari, Joseph R. Impostor tendencies and academic dishonesty: Do they cheat their way to success?. Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal, 2005. Underwood, John, and Szabo, Attila. Academic offences and E-learning: individual propensities in cheating. British Journal of Educational Technology, 2003. Ethical Issues involving On-line Paper Services. 15 Dec. 2006 http://cse. stanford. edu/class/cs201/projects-00-01/honor-code/ethics. htm#bought http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/mill/ How to cite There’s nothing wrong in buying terms papers, Papers

Monday, May 4, 2020

Topic Assignment-Psychology free essay sample

Assignment Topic: Intellectual Disability State: An IQ test is used for several reasons, even to determine if an individual ha intellectual disability. Intellectual disability (also known as mental retardation), is a condition in which a persons behavioral and cognitive skills exist at an earlier development stage, developmentally delayed. Elaborate: In other words, there are individuals that are taking longer to develop. They are developmentally delayed, meaning that their behavioral and cognitive skills exit at an earlier developmental stage than the skills of others who are the same hronological age. Without all the technical terms, basically these individuals have a harder time to develop and get involve in things any other individual would do, because they depend on someone else and most of the time they cannot live independently. To determine who has intellectual disability they must have an IQ lower than 70, adaptive behavior skills are low, and limitations presented by age 10. We will write a custom essay sample on Topic Assignment-Psychology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Exemplify: For example, when we were all in high school there were a few students who had their specials needs. They received the same opportunities as us, but also ould have their own special class to help them out with their disabilities. Most of the individuals had a staff with them at all times because they were not able to do things on their own. Illustrate: part 2: Partner 1 Name: I learned from about Ideal Self. Ideal Self is basically when someone is influenced by someone else and they try to become them. His example was perfect on how children see an athlete and they want to become Just like them because of how good they are, according to the child. I mentioned to about a different example on how I saw it. Children like superheroes when they are young and IVe seen this frequently when a child wants to become Spiderman, Batman, etc Partner 2 Name: I learned from about the Latency stage. He explains to me that this stage is when children dont pay attention to opposite sex. Once he said that I thought about when I was young we used to say boys had cooties and girls had cooties. In the end that is what meant. His example made me laugh but it is true, when they are young they dont getting touched by the opposite sex. Topic Assignment-Psychology By eli_shorty

Saturday, March 28, 2020

Human Vision In Space Essays - Vision, Visual System, Ophthalmology

Human Vision In Space Human visual hardware is a result of a billion years of evolution within the earths atmosphere where light is scattered by molecules of air, moisture, particular matter etc. However as we ascend into our atmosphere with decrease density, light distribution is changed resulting in our visual hardware receiving visual data in different format. Some Aspects to Consider: 1. Visual acuity is the degree to which the details and contours of objects are perceived. Visual acuity is usually defined in terms of minimum separable.Large variety of factors influence this complex phenomenon which includes : # Optical factors- state of the image forming mechanisms of the eye. # Retinal factors such as the state of the cones. # Stimulus factors such as illumination, brightness of the stimulus, contrast between the stimulus and background, length of time exposed to the stimulus. * Minimum separable: shortest distance by which two lines can be separated and still be perceived a s two lines. "During the day, the earth has a predominantly bluish cast..... I could detect individual houses and streets in the low humidity and cloudless areas such as the Himalaya mountain area.... I saw a steam locomotive by seeing the smoke first..... I also saw the wake of a boat on a large river in the Burma-India area... and a bright orange light from the British oil refinery to the south of the city (Perth,Australia.)" The above observation was made by Gordon Cooper in Faith 7 [1963] and which generated much skepticism in the light of the thesis by Muckler and Narvan "Visual Surveillance and Reconnaissance from space vehicles" in which they determined that a visual angle of ten minutes was the operational minimum, and that the minimum resolvable object length [M.R.O.L] at an altitude of 113 miles would be 1730 ft. This limitation of acuity was revised the next year to 0.5 seconds of arc for an extended contrasting line and 15 seconds of arc for minimum separation of two points sharply contrasting with the background. Orbiting at 237 miles in the skylab it was possible to see the entire east coast [Canada to Florida Keys] and resolve details of a 500 feet long bridge based on inference. Of Interest is the fact that even though the mechanical eye [camera systems] can resolve objects greater than fifty times better than the human eye, without the human ability to infer, interpretation of the data is meaningless. Conclusion: Visual acuity in space exceeds that of earth norm when objects with linear extension such as roads, airfields, wake of ships etc. 2. Stereoscopic vision: the perception of two images as one by means of fusing the impressions on both retinas. In space one has to deal with a poverty of reference points. For hardware evolved in a reference oriented paradigm, this possess a grave problem. Once out of the space craft and gazing outward, the eye can only fix on the stars [without even a twinkle] which for all practical p urpose is at infinity ie. without stereoscopic vision "Empty field myopia" prevails. Empty Field Myopia is a condition in which the eyes, having nothing in the visual field upon which to focus, focus automatically at about 9 feet . An astronaut/cosmonaut experiencing empty field myopia focusing at 9 ft would be unable see objects at a range close as 100 ft. If another spacecraft, satellite, meteorite or L.E.M entered his field of vision, he would not be able to determine the size nor the distance. Solution: Man does not face any hostile environment in his birthday suit, the clothing industry and need for walk in closet say it all. In space we will wear our exoskeleton just as we wear winter jackets in winter and we will wear our helmets with visors to maintain our internal environment, filter out all those nasty rads etc. Since Empty Field Myopia is secondary to loss of reference points why not just build them into the visor itself giving the eye points of reference-- create a virt ual reality This line of speculation leads to amazing concepts...... To learn more about the concept of virtual universe in the helmet read: Journal: Air article: Big Picture

Saturday, March 7, 2020

Marxism And Economic Theory Essays - Economic Ideologies, Socialism

Marxism And Economic Theory Essays - Economic Ideologies, Socialism Marxism and Economic Theory Human relationships have always been dynamic. Change and adaptability have gone hand in hand with the passage of time for human society. Systems have been developed to regulate, direct and control the resources of this society. The systems are referred to as governments and the resources as the populace or inhabitants and forces of production. A government must be dynamic in its nature reflecting the change in society. At times these systems have resisted the necessity to adapt with its components (Society) creating a deficit between the system and those it regulates. As the deficits develop, they cause instability, and could lead to revolution.1 Theories have been developed to explain the systemic phenomenon called revolution. This paper will discuss three modern theories and apply them to the English revolution of 1640. The first theory, developed by Carl Marx (Marxism), will address the economic evolution in English society. This theory will emphasize and explain how the shift from a feudal/mercantile system to capitalism affected English society. The second, called the Resource Mobilization Theory (RMT) developed by Charles Tilly, will explain how the English organizations (the Crown and the Parliament) effectively obtained, amassed and managed resources. Samuel Huntington's, "Institutional Theory", will argue that the existing government at that time was unable to incorporate the demands and personnel that the socio-economic changes created. Marxism was formulated in the 19th century. Carl Marx and his associate Frederick Engels observed the socio-economic changes that were transpiring in Britain. England was the dominant world power and had the largest industrialized economy during the 1800's. The development of the factory and the institution of the assembly line created a large demand for workers. This demand was satiated by migrating peasant from the rural areas in England and Ireland to developing urban centers. As these urban centers or cities evolved using industry as the economic backbone for the population, a large number of factory workers were accumulated to operate the machinery in horrid conditions. These workers, which would be termed as the peasantry under a feudal system, were now the working class or proletariat. They entered cities with hopes of bettering their lives and survival. Though revolution never took place in England during this period, it allowed Marx to study industrialization, urbanization and imperialism. The theory of Marxism has three basic concepts: historic materialism, forces of production and relations of production. Historic materialism is defined as a society's past performance and present capabilities of satisfying the basic means of life. Humankind's basic needs of eating, drinking and shelter need to be met properly. The forces of production (technology, capital, the infrastructure of society, etc.) are important for the simple fact of who ever controls them controls the society. The last aspect of Marxism, the relations of production, deals directly with the relationships between classes of people (the aristocracy, the middle-class and the working class).2 Marxism includes a predictive analysis of socio-economic structures. Using history, logic and the dynamic nature of humankind as guidelines, Carl Marx attempts to map out a sequence of events which will eventually lead to utopia (anarchy). In his work, Das Capital, Marx details the six steps. These steps are primitive socialism, feudalism, capitalism, socialism, communism and then anarchy. The evolution of the English economic system during the 16th and 17th centuries points to a shift from feudalism to capitalism. This shift is exemplified by the enclosures. The landlords began to fence their property in the common land areas. The "commons" were large plots of grazing and farmable lands that were used by both farmers and artisans. When the land-owners and manorial lords began to partition these lands the concept of private ownership of property was introduced to the socio-economic system.3 During the time period of the 16th and 17th centuries the crown's economic base began a gradual decline. This economic shrinkage came to a spearhead during the reign of Charles I. The monarchy favored a monopoly market system over a competitive one. The purpose for this position was for taxation and control of the profits. As the artisan and merchant populations increased, the policy of the crown began conflicting with economic growth. This created instability in three areas. First, the English

Wednesday, February 19, 2020

What do you understand by the term racism Using examples from one of Essay

What do you understand by the term racism Using examples from one of the areas of policy we have covered, explain the existence of racism in contemporary Brita - Essay Example People in the same race may be very different from each other in terms of appearance and even genes, even more different than someone who is not in the same race. Therefore, dividing people into races makes no sense biologically. (Weston T, 2008) What exactly is Racism? Many people equate this with mistreatment of minorities while some equate this prejudice and stereotyping. It is not that easy to be defined because racism is not a thing. It has no mass and it can have subjective opinions. A lot of different definitions of racism have been given by a lot of different people. For the ease of understanding, we will be using the following definition of Racism throughout this paper. Racism and the theory of evolution have a connection. People justify racism by saying that according to the theory of evolution, the strongest continue to exist. Hence any group that has a advantage over another group has a right to dominate and completely eradicate the weaker faction. Therefore the week cliques get removed from the gene-pool, which makes the species strong and more powerful as a whole. In short, they say that by practising racism, they remove the weak from the society and this in turn benefits the world as a whole. These people either misinterpret the true theory of evolution or use it to justify what their actions. Evolution does not lead to racism - ignorance, fear and bigotry do. (Barnett, A., 1998) What they don’t realise is that racism only creates frustration among the weaker groups and by practising this, the third generation of human rights are breached. The trend in racism has changed dramatically since the 9/11 attacks on the world trade centre. At first it was more of racial discrimination. Now racism is more about religion. Muslims all over the world are now looked down upon and the world has now experienced something called ‘Islamophobia.’ As Kevin Smith said, Access to healthcare should be a right, not

Tuesday, February 4, 2020

To what extent can working conditions affect well-being in the Essay

To what extent can working conditions affect well-being in the workplace - Essay Example decades.The paper will be discussing the extent to which the working conditions in the organizations of today’s world are affecting the well being of the employees with detailed discussion from different perspectives. The working environment in an organization is the product of the behaviors, interactions and synthesis among the employees working in that organization. In this respect the concept of organizational behavior can be said to be occupying an important place. Deflecting its path away from the conventional disciplines in academics, the dimension of organizational behavior (OB) uses various attributes from different fields and applies them in the changing of different priorities of the organizations. OB is a field that investigates the impact that individuals, groups and the structure possess on the behavior within the organizations. This dedicated towards the purpose of applying such knowledge towards the improvement of the effectiveness of an organization. OB also directs towards understanding the behavior of the people, the process of management, the organizational context, organizational process as well as the execution of work as well as interaction with the external environment. OB also centers on the process of what people do in an organization and how that behavior affects the performance of the organization and also deals with the study and understanding of the individual’s behavior which leads to the enhancement in the predictability. The behavior of the people, process of management and that of the organizational contexts are based on the elements of environmental influence, the process of organization and the correction of work which leads to the improved performance within the organization and also to increase its effectiveness. At the initiation phase, the practices of the organizational behavior included psychological application to the workplaces followed by rigorous research concerning various problems evolving in the workplace. It

Monday, January 27, 2020

The Future World Energy Crisis

The Future World Energy Crisis Nowadays, energy has been depicted as a basic need in the human life. For example, to type this paper I need electrical energy for computer, lighting, air conditioner, etc. from this example, its clear that we need so much energy for doing something that is simple like typing. From paragraph above we can see that humans need much energy for doing their activity even its only one activity. If we look closer into this activity, we need more than just one kind of energy. This means, we need tremendous amount of energy to just do a simple thing like making report or paper, actually if there is no energy. Definition From those examples, we can define that energy is a scalar physical quantity that describes the amount of work that can be performed by a force, an attitude of objects and systems that is subject to a conversion law, it is required to do any kind of activity, and even just for reading this paper we need some amount of energy. In general energy is a really important part of our life. Forms of Energy Energy can be divided into many kinds, according to the criteria there is different forms of energy include kinetic, potential, thermal, gravitational, sound, light, elastic, and electromagnetic energy, there is still another type of energy that are indirectly shown in our lives for chemical energy Think about it, if one single daily activity we need so much energy, than we need more energy to do all of our activity in a single day. So, its obvious that the energy will soon depleted, considering that we use so much energy in one day, or even at only one hour. By looking at this fact, the world surely will face an energy crisis soon. Kind of energy sources There are several kinds of energy sources that scientist has divided energy into classified two categories by their renewability, which are not renewable energy source (hard energy technology) and renewable energy source (soft energy technology). Not renewable energy source are the source of energy that needs a very long time to regenerate, for example: crude oil, charcoal, and earth gas. Coal, for example, needs about more than million years to be available again, the process from the plants for fossilize, creating coal. Meanwhile renewable energy source are the source of energy that always be available with a huge amount and almost limitless, this energy source is either too many or very quickly to regenerate, for example: solar energy, wind, hydro, and biomass. For example, wind is a renewable energy, because wind will never depleted, no matter how much wind that you use, another example is solar energy, which we can use solar as an energy source. Not renewable energy source can be depleted since the rate of their utilization far exceeds the rate at which they are formed. This source of energy is the ones that we use in global scale because their energy is larger than the ones from renewable energy The renewable solar energy is subdivided into direct and indirect types. Sunlight that used directly can produce electricity, heat or derive a chemical reaction. It is used indirectly when it drives other processes, biological chemical or climatic mechanical, which in turn are used as the sources of energy. The energy sources can be classified in a number of ways based on the nature of their transaction, as commercial and noncommercial sources of energy. All energy resources, particularly the commercial ones, are natural. Coal, oil and nuclear sources constitute commercial sources, while firewood, biomass and animal dung constitute non-commercial sources. Also, the energy sources are classified based on animate and inanimate characteristics. Energy sources could also be classified as exhaustible/depletable or non-depletable/renewable resources. The distinguishing feature of an exhaustible resource is that, it gets exhausted when used as an input of a production process, and at the same time, its undisturbed role of growth is nil. That is if the temporal services provided by a given stock of an exhaustible resource are finite. Nowadays, people tend to use un-renewable energy, since it is much easier to process and easier to use. However, we cant keep this forever, because our energy need keep increasing from time to time, while the source of energy are slow to regenerate. The result will be quite fatal, as there will no more energy source available to be used, for instance, the oil reserves in the world would be depleted, it would be happen about 32 years from now if the use of oil on the constant rate. Energy crisis in very dangerous and must be prevented at all cost. It can create disaster; as the energy still needed by human; and declination of world economics and quality of life. For example if there is no more oil, then we cannot use transportations, and then business will be plummeted since goods can no longer be transported. Without electricity, we almost cannot operate anything that needs electricity, like example: computer, hand phone, and other things. Imagine todays world, without any electricity, then our live would be miserable because almost of the invention need electricity. To avoid this crisis, scientist is trying to develop technology which can be used to utilize the un-renewable energy. Although it is a little late, as the use of oil and another un-renewable energy reserve were depleted, there is a hope for this method to succeed. This breakthrough in renewable energy utilization is aiming at energy conservation. By using renewable energy instead of that, we can acquire unlimited amount source of energy, and without fearing that it may depleted. Lately the vital source of our energy, mainly oil and coal, are in danger. Unless we found such way using alternative energy to replace its function, we will face the energy shortage, our civilization would be crippled, and thats why we need to pay close attention of how we use a device with this kind of energy as its source. In nowadays we still use the energy, but the need of the energy isnt turning down but rather increasing, this is the causes of energy crisis in future, and also there are some problems like war or terrorist attack (i.e. oil field that got burned,), etc. Energy Crisis An energy crisis is any great bottleneck (or price rise) in the supply of energy resources to an economy. In popular literature though, it often refers to one of the energy sources used at a certain time and place, it has about to come for about 30 years later (if the rate use of energy is constant) then there would be peak oil or oil crisis age, about 40-50 years later there wouldnt be any more cheap energy or rather there wouldnt be any energy left for use. Historical Crises 1970s Energy Crisis Cause: peaking of oil production in major industrial nations (Germany, U.S., Canada, etc.) and embargos from other producers 1973 oil crisis Cause: an OPEC oil export embargo by many of the major Arab oil-producing states, in response to western support of Israel during the Yom Kippur War 1979 oil crisis Cause: the Iranian revolution 1990 spike in the price of oil Cause: the Gulf War The 2000-2001 California electricity crisis Cause: failed deregulation, and business corruption. The UK fuel protest of 2000 Cause: Raise in the price of crude oil combined with already relatively high taxation on road fuel in the UK. North American natural gas crisis Argentine energy crisis of 2004 North Korea has had energy shortages for many years. Zimbabwe has experienced a shortage of energy supplies for many years due to financial mismanagement. Political riots occurring during the 2007 Burmese anti-government protests were sparked by rising energy prices. Energy shortages The crises that exist as of 2008 include: Oil price increases since 2003 Caused by continued global increases in petroleum demand coupled with production stagnation, the falling value of the U.S. dollar, and a myriad of other secondary causes. 2008 Central Asia energy crisis: caused by abnormally cold temperatures and low water levels in an area dependent on hydroelectric power. Despite having significant hydrocarbon reserves, in February 2008 the President of Pakistan announced plans to tackle energy shortages that were reaching crisis stage. At the same time the South African President was appeasing fears of a prolonged electricity crisis in South Africa. South African electrical crisis: The South African crisis, which may last to 2012, lead to large price rises for platinum in February 2008 and reduced gold production. China experienced severe energy shortages towards the end of 2005 and again in early 2008. During the latter crisis they suffered severe damage to power networks along with diesel and coal shortages. Supplies of electricity in Guangdong province, the manufacturing hub of China, are predicted to fall short by an estimated 10 GW. It has been predicted that in the coming years after 2009 that the United Kingdom will suffer an energy crisis due to its commitments to reduce coal fired power stations, its politicians unwillingness to set up new nuclear power stations to replaces those that will be de-commissioned in a few years (even though they will not be running in time to stop a full blown crisis) and unreliable sources and sources that are running out of oil and gas. It is therefore predicted that the UK may have regular blackouts like South Africa. Energy management An electricity shortage is felt most by those who depend on electricity for their heating, cooking and water supply. In these circumstances a sustained energy crisis may become a humanitarian crisis. If an energy shortage is prolonged a crisis management phase is enforced by authorities. Energy audits may be conducted to monitor usage. Various curfews with the intention of increasing energy conservation may be initiated to reduce consumption. To conserve power during the Central Asia energy crisis, authorities in Tajikistan ordered bars and cafes to operate by candlelight. [9] Warnings issued that peak demand power supply might not be sustained. In the worst kind of energy crisis energy rationing and fuel rationing may be incurred. Panic buying may beset outlets as awareness of shortages spread. Facilities close down to save on heating oil; and factories cut production and lay off workers. The risk of stagflation increases. Alternative energy sources Definition Alternative energy is an umbrella term that refers to any source of usable energy intended to replace fuel sources without the undesired consequences of the replaced fuels There are several definitions of the Alternative Energy which are: Oxford Dictionary energy fuelled in ways that do not use up natural resources or harm the environment. Princeton WordNet energy derived from sources that do not use up natural resources or harm the environment. Responding to Climate Change 2007 energy derived from nontraditional sources (e.g., compressed natural gas, solar, hydroelectric, wind). Natural Resources Defense Council energy that is not popularly used and is usually environmentally sound, such as solar or wind energy (as opposed to fossil fuels). Materials Management Services Fuel sources that are other than those derived from fossil fuels. Typically used interchangeably for renewable energy. Examples include: wind, solar, biomass, wave and tidal energy. Torridge District Council Energy generated from alternatives to fossil fuel. Need not be renewable. The general Definition is an energy sources that can be used to replace un-renewable energy that are renewable but sometimes with side effect, sometimes alternative energy that wont create side effect are called Green energy. In response to the petroleum crisis, the principles of green energy and sustainable living movements gain popularity. This has led to increasing interest in alternate power/fuel research such as fuel cell technology, liquid nitrogen economy, hydrogen fuel, methanol, biodiesel, Karrick process, solar energy, geothermal energy, tidal energy, wave power, and wind energy, and fusion power. To date, only hydroelectricity and nuclear power have been significant alternatives to fossil fuel. Hydrogen gas is currently produced at a net energy loss from natural gas, which is also experiencing declining production in North America and elsewhere. When not produced from natural gas, hydrogen still needs another source of energy to create it, also at a loss during the process. This has led to hydrogen being regarded as a carrier of energy, like electricity, rather than a source. The unproven dehydrogenating process has also been suggested for the use water as an energy source. Efficiency mechanisms such as Negawatt power can encourage significantly more effective use of current generating capacity. It is a term used to describe the trading of increased efficiency, using consumption efficiency to increase available market supply rather than by increasing plant generation capacity. As such, it is a demand-side as opposed to a supply-side measure. Role of the Alternative Energy Alternative Energy are supposed to replace fuel but there are several effects as well, which are: Alternative Energy help our environment by not producing harmful emissions (some of them) because they doesnt create any pollutant It can be accessed anywhere on the planet with the right equipment It will create thousands of job opportunities It will save you a lot of budget (just for personal use) Consequences of using Alternative Energy Alternative Energy, which can replace un-renewable energy still have its own flaws, for example: some of them are theoretically flaw (it was impossible to do that or there still needed some research, etc.) or some of them are expensive, the energy source needs to be produced using high technology, the other reason is because the source only produce very small amount of energy that it doesnt enough to replace the fuel source Energy Saving Energy Consumption In some country there is daylight saving which is electricity saving in summer that the time in the some country are fast forwarded in some country, if the time is at 12:00 pm then the time in the clock is about 10-11:00 am. Some of the country doing some regulation to save the energy like regular blackout, use mass amount of solar panel, using recycled items, and use of wind energy (like in Dutch) Conclusion From the text above we can conclude that humans need to search for another energy sources (Alternative Energy).Its necessary because the energy will soon depleted, and without energy, there is nothing we can do. So if we start to search for alternate energy and do the energy saving then we can evade the worldwide energy crisis.

Sunday, January 19, 2020

Library Science Essay

With the rapid development of technology, constraints of economy and changing expectations about intellectual property rights, the HS librarian has to forcefully demonstrate the value of his / her contributions to their institutions. Addressing client information needs and thereby performing the scientific communication activities are the primary responsibilities of a librarian, who is known today as a â€Å"knowledge worker†. An effective leader in an academic HS library will constantly be engaged in activities which continually educate their staff ,re-engineer their programs and re-design products and services to meet the modern challenges of client information requirements through retrieval , creation , manipulation, management and dissemination of new knowledge. To be effective, the HS librarian has to be a viable participant in scientific communication. As a director of a HS library, my mantras would be â€Å"transformation,† â€Å"restructuring,† or â€Å"re-engineering† – the ones used by deans and other strategic planners on their campuses. I would strive to prove the value of the HS library to the institution through evaluative data and cost/benefit analyses by employing self assessment techniques. I would play a proactive role in introducing and integrating technologies into the communication process. I would act as an agent for the information seeker by gathering published information, seeking new sources, weighing responses, consulting on the design of personal databases, and packaging results into customized products. I would also join teams of clinicians or researchers to provide on-site consultation and delivery of information services or teaching the use of information management techniques and technologies in classrooms, labs, and offices. I would acquire new computational skills, deeper understanding of the information needs in subject disciplines, and expertise about the management of knowledge in distributed technology-intensive environments . The six types of library budgets are 1) Lump sum – refers to the allocation of a lump sum amount as resources to the library. This allocation is done by the top management of the parent organization.. 2) Formula – budget is one which is typically tied to a numeric value such as full-time-equivalencies (FTEs), i. e. , number of FTEs registered students multiplied by a fixed dollar amount yields the budget for the library. 3) Line Item – The line-item budget represents the most commonly used budgeting method for special libraries (Warner 9). In a line-item budget, each category of activity is afforded its separate appearance ( eg salaries, etc. ) 4) Program –a program budget focuses on the services the library provides to its clients and is an extension of the line item type of budget. 5) Performance Based – Performance budgets share characteristics with program budgets, but performance budgets focus primarily on what library staff members do or what functions they perform in the library’s service complement. 6) Zero Based – Zero-based budgeting requires that a â€Å"clean slate† be the starting point for budget development. Budget affects special libraries in much the same way as budgets affect any organization, including the parent organization of the special library. Therefore, given a choice, I would opt for a program budget as it relates to overall organizational goals and objectives and is very useful in establishing priority for library programs relative to the parent organization blend of the line item Training of the personnel is the most challenging personnel management issue. The challenge would be to keep all the â€Å"knowledge workers† motivated enough to keep themselves updated in all the relevant knowledge areas, so that they acquire an expertise in facilitating access to information, and also assembling the means for getting it. Building a team which will be constantly finding and/or building tools for managing knowledge, evaluating new products in light of their clients’ information needs, making office calls, providing consultation services, offering themselves as contractors, gathering feedback, and measuring product effectiveness. In the modern age of technology, the entire systems are networked. In the networked environment, few information products can stand alone without a support system. With most of the libraries using technology, the space planning and management would be similar to the data warehousing , data maintenance, data based administration, and data retrieval, data archiving and data purging techniques used in the technological terms. BIBLIOGRAPH : Introduction to Health Sciences Librarianship by M. Sandra Wood.

Saturday, January 11, 2020

Biomedical Approach

Introduction Since the time of Enlightenment, Western ideas of health have been dominated by the biomedical approach. The basis on which these opinions are founded is that an individual is not responsible for their illness and that the mind and body work separately from each other. Health, in the eyes of this approach can be deemed as simply the absence of disease. Part of the reason this vision of health has dominated so much, is that it’s practiced by the majority of the health professionals and is the staple of the care received in hospitals. The aim of this assignment is to demonstrate the strengths and weaknesses of this system, and to suggest the advantages that using a social model to view health could bring. Discussion Health, is a word that carries a broad spectrum of meanings, it is defined differently in all walks of life. Biomedical health although being the most recognised is not the only approach and has been called by Naidoo and Wills (200, p. 9) â€Å"a narrow view of health†. The social Model contrasts this approach. It focuses on the social and economic factors regarding health and looks at ways to prevent illness before it occurs. Even in the most affluent countries, people who are less well off have substantially shorter life expectancies (Marmot and Wilkinson, 2003), a social view on health would take this information into account, placing emphasis on improving the quality of life to increase life expectancy. Contrastingly the Biomedical method would look at a patient and prescribe necessary medication, although usually being effective in the short term, this would do nothing to stop the person getting ill again as they would return to the same unhealthy lifestyle or environment. This could be seen as impersonal, but this scientific approach can be useful in many scenarios as it has been said by Pearson, Vaughan and FitzGerald(2005, p54) that â€Å"the overriding concern for the patient is for cure and control of his or her disease, and this model gives clear direction in this respect†. The Biomedical Model has strengths in the sense that illnesses are not always caused by environmental or lifestyle related factors. Rather than trying to explain the illness, it searches for a cure. Biomedical science can give instant relief to people who are suffering or in pain, for people involved in accidents and emergency situations this approach is second to none. It accepts accidents are sometimes unavoidable and concentrates on restoring the individual to health in a direct manner. Discarding freak accidents the social model could prove useful. Wilkinson and Marmot(2005, p24) state â€Å"individuals turn to alcohol drugs and tobacco, suffer from their use, but it is influenced by the wider social setting† . Upon taking this statement into account, it could be argued that the social model would have a greater effect in reducing the number of people turning to drugs or alcohol. The biomedical approach would examine the physiology of the situation in an attempt to understand why an individual might become dependent on a drug. The treatment might consist of giving the patient another drug to help them come off the substance they are using, but the social method would encourage support groups or the 12 step method that was first practiced by Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). This method was originally brought about in the 70’s and involves patients admitting they are powerless to alcohol and coming to believe that a greater power can restore them to health. Although it had much success, it didn’t take account for those who did not believe in religion. Since then non twelve step programs have been brought about that focus on counselling patients on how to take control of their lives. Many centres that practice this method such as the Narconon Freedom Centre(NFC) claim to have a 70% success rate. It is apparent that both biomedical and social models have their place in treating addicts and biomedical science could definitely benefit from the use of techniques from the social model in this case. Because the term health is subjective it can be defined differently. The Biomedical approach may deem someone who is disabled as unhealthy. The way they would aim to treat, for instance someone who has lost the use of their legs is to give them a wheelchair, if the person then became depressed they might give them medication to alleviate the symptoms of depression. This scientific model is supported by evidence and does work in the sense that disabled people can get medication to decrease pain or equipment to make day to day life easier. The social model however approaches disability in an entirely different manner and Smart (2006-2007)states that â€Å"much of the prejudice and discrimination experienced by people with disabilities occurs not in spite of the Biomedical Model, but because of the Biomedical Model†. It known that disabled people can often be the target of discrimination and stereotyping, perhaps this has something to do with the picture of disability that has een painted by biomedical science. Because the biomedical approach has been at the forefront of health it is understandable that people are disposed to think in accordance of its views, but this doesn’t mean that they are always right. â€Å"The profession of medicine has, for centuries, been based on the two outcome paradigm of cure or death and vestiges of t his paradigm are reflected in payment systems. Therefore, after medical stabilization, much of the funding is withdrawn, not taking into consideration the individual’s greatest needs (Yelin, 1992). This quote reiterates the point that the biomedical view may not always be right. The social model in this case would take into account the full recovery of a person so they could return to a desirable quality of life. This is because the social model recognises the fact that if a person is affected by something it can impact on their life socially and economically, which in turn can cause numerous problems such as depression, effect on relationships, stress, and anxiety etc. To see a person as healthy as soon as there condition is stable is a very biomedical approach to the issue, it is possibly unwise to think that as soon as the patient is deemed stable they can return to a normal lifestyle. The possible repercussions of this approach are that many patients will likely return and need more treatment soon after they have left. A potential benefit of using the health model when viewing a situation like the one previously mentioned, is that the patient might be able to receive services like marriage counselling. This is because the social model takes more account of the effects ill health can have on the patients’ social life. If a patient is depressed this might also have an effect on the health of their friends and family meaning that they too may need healthcare for example a depressed patient may take their anger out by being abusive or violent to those around them. This is obviously not good for the family’s health so In the grand scheme of things a social approach may also help in keeping the patients family in good health. â€Å"The cultural identification of the individual is often ignored because the Biomedical Model is based only on biological, organic needs. Psychiatric disabilities, which are highly dependent upon the environment of the individual, are not well-funded. Such environmental accommodations could render the individual highly functional (Wright, 1991). For people with psychiatric disabilities the biomedical approach may help to calm them down or nullify the effects of their illness. However little is done to improve their quality of life and this, it could be argued, seems almost de-humanizing. The model of health would prove useful in this situation by simply creating a nicer environment that will greatly assist the person to return to health. If a return to health is not possible, this improvement in environment would still give the person a much more fulfilling life and help to put the families of patients’ minds at ease. Conclusion On reviewing and comparing the biomedical and social models of health, it can be seen that both models have strengths and weaknesses. Because the biomedical approach has been at the forefront of health people trust it because it’s what they are used too.. This approach is supported by a wealth of scientific evidence and knowledge and it can efficiently cure a wide range of illnesses or diseases. However the biomedical model takes little into account for the environment of patients and how this can affect their health. The social model realises that health can be defined in ways other than simply â€Å"the absence of disease†. It also takes into account that all patients’ ideas of health are different and require different treatments. On conclusion it is clear that both models are invaluable and the best means for keeping people healthy and administering care would be through using a combination of both methods. Exact word count:1490 References Alcoholics Anonymous, n. d. The Twelve Steps of Alcoholics Anonymous. [online] Available at:< http://www. aa. org/en_pdfs/smf-121_en. pdf > [Accessed 18 December 2010] Barker, R. Kirk, J. and Munday, R. J. , 1988. Narrative analysis. 3rd ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Marmot, M. G. And Wilkinson, R. G. , 2006 Social Detirminants of Health: the Solid Facts 2nd ed, Oxford, Oxford University Press. Naidoo, J. And Wills, J. ,2009 Health Promotion: Foundations for practice 2nd ed. London, Balliere Tindall Narconon Freedom Centre, n. d. [online] Available at:< http://www. freedomdrugrehab. om>[Accessed 17 december 2010]. Pearson, A. Vaughan, B. and FitzGerald, M. , 2005. Nursing Models for Practice. 3rd ed. Oxford : Butterworth-Heinemann. Smart, J. , 2006-2007. Challenges to the Biomedical Model of Disability. Advances in Medical Psychotherapy & Psychodiagnosis, Volume 12,. p1 Wright, B. A. (1991). Labeling: The need for greater person-environment individuation. In C. R. Snyder & D. R. Forsythe (Eds. ), H andbook of social and clinical pyschology (pp. 469-487). Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Yelin, E. H. (1992). Disability and the displaced worker. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University

Thursday, January 2, 2020

Essay on Ford value enhacement plan - 2099 Words

Ford Value Enhancement Plan (VEP) In April 2000, Ford Motor Co. announced a shareholder Value Enhancement Plan (VEP) to significantly recapitalize the firms ownership structure. Ford had accumulated $23 billion in cash reserves and under the VEP would return as much as $10 billion of this cash to shareholders. In exchange for each share currently held, the plan would give stockholders one new share plus the choice of receiving $20 in either cash or additional new Ford common shares. Shareholders electing to receive cash would be taxed on these distributions at capital gain rates. Among other things, the plan provided a means for the Ford family to obtain liquidity without having to dilute their 40% voting interest (even though they own†¦show more content†¦Exchanging existing share for New Shares on a One for One basis. The VEP includes three options for different kinds of Shareholders: Option 1: Shareholders who prefer Cash. Option 2: Shareholders who prefer More Shares Option 3: Passive Investors Value Enhancement Plan has tax consequences. Those shareholders electing to receive the new shares of Ford instead of the 20-buck bonus will not be directly affected by the tax. The new shares are considered a tax-free exchange, with the holding period of the new shares considered the same as when the original Ford stock was purchased. Shareholders choosing to re-invest in stocks can be incentivized by having more voting power and control over the management. Those shareholders choosing to collect the $20 cash per share will have to pay capital gains tax on the cash distribution just as though they have sold part of their shares. This can be either considered a short-term or long-term capital gain, depending on when your original Ford shares were purchased. Benefit out of opportunity Cost for the shareholders to invest the $20 in a different firm. Ford family benefited by retaining their voting control since they did not have to surrender their Class B shares. Since firms incur the re-purchase option by offering $20 cash for each stock bought back, the number of outstanding shares will be reduced. The Earnings per share will increase leading to an increased stock price. Long-term gains (held more than a year) are taxed